Graphing

Steven M. Reff
Economics Lecturer
University of Arizona
(2007 - 2016)
The 2015 University of Arizona
Five-Star Faculty Award
Reff's Vitae

FOR ECONOMICS EDUCATORS:
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Upcoming Updated: October 1, 2026.
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Topic 6.1 International Trade & Finance Terms, Definitions, and Formulas

Topic 6.3 Currency Exchange Questions

Topic 6.2 Exchange Rates e Textbook

Topic 6.3 Foreign Exchange Market and ASAD Graph

Topic 6.1 B alance of Trade e Textbook

Topic 6.6 International Trade and Finances Terms, Definitions, and Formulas

Topic 6.3 Foreign Exchange Rates Silent Movie, II

Topic 6.3 Foreign Exchange Rates Silent Movie, I

Topic 6.1 Balance of Payments FRQs

Topic 6.6 International Trade and Finances Exchange Rates II FRQs

Unit 6: Open Economy -- International Trade and
Finance

M ACRO Starter Videos (3 minutes; 3 multiple choice questions)

Topic 6.1 Balance of Payments e Textbook

Topic 6.6 Exchange Rates and Interest Rates 2015 FRQ #3

Topic 6.4 and 6.5 Changes in the Foreign Exchange Market and Net Exports FRQs

Topic 6.2 - 6.6 Open Economy -- International Trade and Finance Questions

Topics 6.1 - 6.3 Reffonomics Baseball Currency Exchange Market

Topic 6.2 - 6.6 Open Economy -- Same Questions as Above with ASAD and Loanable
Funds Graphs (Minimize Screen)

Topic 5.2 Phillips' Curve 2013 FRQ #3

Topic 5.1 Monetary Policy (Expansionary Flow Chart with MM Graph and ASAD Graph)

Topic 5.2 Phillips' Curve (Draggable Graphs)

Topic 5.1 Monetary Policy (Expansionary Flow Chart with Ample Reserves Graph and ASAD Graph)

Topic 5.2 Phillips' Curve 2011 FRQ #1

Topic 5.1 Monetary Policy (Contractionary Flow Chart with Ample Reserves Graph and ASAD Graph)

Topic 5.1 F iscal Policy (Expansionary Policy Flow Chart with ASAD Graph)

Topic 5.2 Phillips' Curve (USE YOUR QUESTIONS with Interactive Graphs)

Topic 5.2 Phillips' Curve Silent Movie

Topic 5.2 P hillips' Curve Graph (Best eTextbook Chapter EVER)

Topic 5.1 Monetary Policy (Contractionary Flow Chart with MM Graph and ASAD Graph)

Topic 5.2 Phillips' Curve (Draggable Graphs and Questions)

Unit 5: Long-Run Consequences of Stabilization Policies

M ACRO Starter Videos (3 minutes; 3 multiple choice questions)

Topic 5.1 Fiscal Policy (Contractionary Policy Flow Chart with ASAD Graph)

Topic 5.2 Phillips' Curve (20 M ultiple Choice Questions)

Topic 5.2 Phillips' Curve ASAD Graph Side-by-Side Graphs

Topic 5.2 Phillips' Curve Graph (Drawing and Questions)

Topic 5.2 Phillips' Curve 2009 FRQ #1

Topic 5.6 Economic Growth, Part II (Enlarge Presentations inside eTextbook)

Topic 5.6 Economic Growth, Part I (Enlarge Presentations inside eTextbook)

Topic 5.4 Fiscal Policy Government Debt and Government Deficit (GO UP TO TOPIC 3.8)

Topic 5.3 Money Growth and Inflation (Velocity and Equation of Exchange)

Topic 5.5 Crowding Out Effect Using the Loanable Funds and ASAD Graphs

Topics 5.1 - 5.6 Everything You Have to Know for the May Exam

Topic 5.6 E conomic Growth (PPF Graph and ASAD Graph)

NOTE: Macro students DO NOT have to know consumer surplus and producer surplus.

Topics 5.1 - 5.6 Reffonomics Baseball: Phillips' Curve and Economic Growth

NOTE: Macro students DO NOT have to know other price elasticities

Unit 1: Basic Economic Concepts

T opic 1.2 Production-Possibilities Curve, I

T opic 1.2 Production-Possibilities Curve, II

NOTE: Macro students DO NOT have to know price elasticity of demand.

T opic 1.3 Comparative Advantage and Trade

Unit 1: Supply and Demand

NOTE: Macro students DO NOT have to know price elasticity of supply.

Topic 1.4 Qu antity Demanded vs. Demand

Topic 1.5 Qu antity Supplied vs. Supply

Topics 1.4 and 1.5 Demand and Supply Determinants

Unit 2: Economic Indicators

Topic 2.1 The Circular Flow and GDP

Topic 2.2 Limitations of GDP (What is NOT Included in GDP)

T opic 2.6 Real v Nominal GDP (Using FRED graph)

T opic 2.7 Business Cycles

T opic 2.3 Unemployment (Using FRED graph)

T opic 2.3 Labor Force Participation Rate (Using FRED graph)

T opic 2.4 Price Indices and Inflation (Using FRED graph)

Topic 2.5 Cost of Inflation (No graph; no link)

Topic 1.6 Market Disequilibrium and Changes in
Equilibrium (Shortage and Surplus)

NOTE: Macro students DO NOT have to know price ceiling and price floor.

Unit 3: National Income and Price Determination

Topic 3.1 Aggregate Demand (AD) Definitions and Graph

Topic 3.2 Multipliers (Micro View)

Topic 3.7 Long-Run Self-Adjustment

Topic 3.8 Fiscal Policy (Fiscal Policy Ship Simulation)

Topic 3.3 Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS) Definitions and Graphing

Topic 3.4 Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS) Slope of LRAS

Topic 3.5 Equilibrium in the ASAD Model (ASAD)

Topic 3.6 Changes in the ASAD Model (ASAD)

Topic 3.9 Automatic Stabilizers

Unit 4: Financial Sector

Topic 4.1 and 4. 2 Financial Assets and Nominal vs.Real Interest Rates

Topic 4.3 Definition, Measurement, and Function of Money

Topic 4.5 Federal Reserve System (Prior to 2009)

Topic 4.7 Loanable Funds Questions, II

Topic 4.7 Loanable Funds Graph Definitions and Terms

Topic 3.1 Aggregate Demand (AD) Components of and Graph

Topic 3.4 Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS) Graphing

Topic 3.4 Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS) Terminology of LRAS

Topic 3.3 Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS) Components of and Graphing

Topic 3.8 Fiscal Policy Definitions and Graphing

Topic 3.8 Fiscal Policy (Debt Clock)

Topic 3.2 Multipliers (Expenditures Table)

Topic 3.2 Multipliers (Q uestions)

Topic 3.2 Multipliers (Definitions and Formulas)

Topic 3.2 Multipliers (Calculations and Graphing)

Topics 3.1 - 3.7 Reffonomics Baseball: A SAD and the Multiplier

U nit 2: R effonomics Baseball -- Econonomic Indicators

Topics 1.1 - 1.3 Reffonomics Baseball -- Basic Concepts

T opics 1.4 - 1.6: Reffonomics Baseball -- Supply and Demand

NOTE: Inside the link below, students no longer have
to know the difference between Classical and
Keynesian Thought.

Topic 3.8 Fiscal Policy The Federal Budget

Topic 4.7 Two FRQs on Loanable Funds

Topic 3.8 Fiscal Policy Debt v. Deficit

Topic 4.7 Loanable Funds and ASAD Side-by-Side Graphs

Topic 4.7 L oanable Funds (40 Multiple Choice Questions)

Topic 4.4 Banking and the Expansion of the Money Supply (Prior to 2009)

Topic 4.5 Money Market Graph Silent Movie (Prior to 2009)

Topic 4.4 Recollections of Pine Gulch (Creation of Money Allegory)

Topic 4.6 Limited Reserves are OVER; it is ALL about Ample Reserves

Topic 4.1 F inancial Assets (Bond Prices and a Change in Interest Rates)

The next two topics (Topic 4.4 and Topic 4.5) are HISTORY LESSONS
of how Monetary Policy was administered prior to 2009.

Take what I am about to state as advice only. With Topics 4.4 and 4.5,
make these lessons part of a flipped classroom where the students
read the material first and when they come back to class have a
discussion with your students on what they learned from the lessons
for Topics 4.4 and 4.5.

Topic 4.5 How the Banking System Works (Prior to 2009)

Topic 4.2 Nominal vs. Real Interest Rates eTextbook

Topic 4.5 Simple Money Multiplier (Prior to 2009)

Topic 4.5 Commercial Bank Balance Sheet, I (Prior to 2009)

Topic 4.5 Money Market Graph eTextbook (Prior to 2009)

Topic 4.5 Money Market Graphing (Questions) (Prior to 2009)

Topic 4.7 Loanable Funds Graph (Drawings, along with Questions)

Topic 4.5 Money Market Graph Standalone (Prior to 2009)

T opic 4.7 Loanable Funds eTextbook (Enlarge Graphs inside of eTextbook)

Topic 4.5 Commercial Bank Balance Sheet, II (Prior to 2009)

Topic 4.5 FED Policy Interactive (Prior to 2009)

Topic 4.5 Money Market Final Notes (Prior to 2009)

Topics 4.4 and 4.5 What is Going to Be on The May Exam

Topic 4.1 Financial Assets (Government Bonds)

Topic 4.1 Financial Assets (Government Bonds)

Topic 4.5 Reserve Requirement & Discount Rate eTextbook (Prior to 2009)

Topic 4.5 Open-Market Operations eTextbook (Prior to 2009)

Topics 4.5 and 4.7 Reffonomics Baseball: Money Market and ASAD

Topic 4.7 Loanable Funds Questions, I

M ACRO Starter Videos (3 minutes; 3 multiple choice questions)

M ACRO Starter Videos (3 minutes; 3 multiple choice questions)

M ACRO Starter Videos (3 minutes; 3 multiple choice questions)

M ACRO Starter Videos (3 minutes; 3 multiple choice questions)

Topics 1.1 - 1.3 Reffonomics Baseball -- RULES

Macro Current Events for Units 1 - 6

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy of the Future -- Ample Reserves Regime

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy Ample Reserves (History Lesson 2003 - 2019)

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy Ample Reserves Graph (Better Graph for the May Exam)

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy Ample Reserves (History Lesson 2019 - ????)

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy of the Present

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy A mple Reserves (Out with the Old; In with the New)

Topic 4.6 Reffonomics Baseball: Ample Reserves

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy Ample Reserves (What is on the May Exam?)

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy Side-by-Side Ample Reserves Graph and ASAD Graph

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy Ample Reserves Graph (Required Graph for May Exam)

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy Ample Reserves (Near Zero Ample Reserves Policy 2009 - 2016)

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy of the Past

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy Ample Reserves (FOMC and Board of Governors)

On-Level High School Economics Graphing and Flow Charts

AP Macroeconoomics Graphing and Flow Charts

Ample Reserves Curriculum Lessons

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy Ample Reserves (Expansionary Monetary Policy Flow Chart)

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy Ample Reserves (Contractionary Monetary Policy Flow Chart)

Topic 4.6 Monetary Policy Ample Reserves Graph (REFF® and FRED® Graphs)

Topic 5.6 Economic Growth, Aggregate Production Function, and Formulas

Topic 2.6 Formulas for Nominal GDP, RGDP, and GDP Deflator

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